From humanist tragedy to democratic constitutionalism: Erasmus of Rotterdam in the view of Stefan Zweig

Abstract

This work examines Erasmus of Rotterdam based on Stefan Zweig's biographical analysis, highlighting the relevance of his humanist ideas in current debates in political science and law. It analyzes how his defense of peace, tolerance, and cosmopolitanism, together with his opposition to warring religious factions, express a “humanist tragedy” characterized by misunderstood neutrality and intellectual isolation. This experience contrasts with contemporary categories of democratic constitutionalism, where the protection of intellectual freedom, the impartiality of the state, and the rejection of fanaticism are fundamental elements of a pluralistic society. Through a historical-legal approach, Erasmus' contributions were critically analyzed in relation to natural law, religious authoritarianism, and his vision of a European community founded on reason and fraternity, elements that are discussed with writers such as Locke, Kant, Montesquieu, and Habermas. Finally, it is argued that Erasmian reflection is an essential prerequisite for understanding the challenges facing constitutional democracy in a world dominated by ideological polarization, populism, and fundamentalism that threaten peace and fundamental rights.