Revista científica en ciencias sociales

Designing an integrated chatbot for the sales department: enhancing the user experience using the design thinking methodology, Peru

Carmen Chieng Cueva — 2025-11-15

The aim of this study was to design and implement a WhatsApp chatbot to optimize real-time access to key information (prices, stock, and sizes) for sales consultants in retail stores in Lima, Peru. A qualitative approach was employed using the Design Thinking methodology, which involved the empathy phase through interviews with 12 sales consultants, ideation and prototyping with no-code tools (Make and WhatsApp Cloud API), and validation through a heuristic evaluation conducted by a retail and automation expert. The findings revealed improvements in operational efficiency, reduced information retrieval time, and high frequency of chatbot use among consultants. In conclusion, the integration of chatbots into the retail sales environment shows significant potential to enhance the in-store experience and support commercial decision-making. Future research is encouraged to evaluate its quantitative impact on sales performance and customer satisfaction.

Review of the scope of initial teacher training in basic education pedagogy in Chile

Miguel Ángel Paidicán Soto — 2025-10-28

This scoping review aims to identify the existing gaps and gaps in research related to the evaluation of Initial Teacher Education processes in Chile for Basic Education Pedagogy. A scoping review was conducted through a systematic search in Google Scholar, selecting nine recent articles published in the last 5 years, mainly in 2020. The analysis focused predominantly on curriculum documents and standards, using qualitative methodologies. The studies analysed are grouped around competence development (ICT, diversity, inclusion and socio-emotional), alignment with national policies and standards (accreditation and performance frameworks), and stakeholder perceptions (students, graduates and trainers). Heterogeneity in curriculum implementation, strong influence of standardised policies, insufficient integration of digital and inclusive competences in several programmes, and mismatches between training and perceived needs were detected. It was concluded that it is crucial to investigate the real effectiveness and impact of Initial Teacher Education on teacher practice, and that there is a need to rethink the quality indicators of training. In addition, it is suggested that Initial Teacher Education should be strengthened based on the evidence.

Artificial intelligence from the perspective of paraguayan university students: a segmented analysis of knowledge, access, and ethical practices

Soledad Cardozo — 2025-10-28

This study analyzed Paraguayan university students' perceptions of the use and ethics of artificial intelligence (AI) in higher education. A mixed, descriptive, cross-sectional design was applied, using non-probability convenience sampling in a snowball modality. A total of 108 students from public and private universities completed an online questionnaire. The study examined sociodemographic variables, access to and use of AI, ethical perceptions, and regulatory proposals. Reported benefits included learning support (56%), time optimization (34%), and access to relevant information (30%), while the main risks were technological dependence (70%), loss of critical thinking (69.4%), and plagiarism (62.9%). Overall, 52% reported using AI "always" or "almost always" for academic activities, whereas in the workplace the most common responses were "rarely" or "never" (48%). Additionally, 59.3% reported frequent use of ChatGPT and 88% were unfamiliar with other emerging tools. The qualitative analysis revealed demands for ongoing faculty development, systematic source verification, and clear rules for ethical use. In sum, the findings suggest that AI integration in Paraguayan higher education remains nascent and that digital literacy, ethics training, and specific guidelines are needed for equitable, responsible adoption. Strengthening institutional policies, pedagogical support, and ongoing impact evaluation is recommended.

Training young leaders in Curuguaty: a study of current university leadership

Diego Fernando Valenzuela Ortega — 2025-10-28

The research aimed to evaluate the training of young university leaders among students of the Bachelor's degrees in Administration and Public Accounting at the Faculty of Business Sciences (FACEM) of the National University of Canindeyú (UNICAN), Curuguaty Branch, during the 2024 academic year. A quantitative approach was applied, with an experimental design, cross-sectional and descriptive level. The population consisted of 220 students, from which a sample of 81 participants was selected through non-probability convenience sampling. For data collection, a leadership style identification test designed by Peter G. Northouse, composed of 18 items, was used, along with a complementary 9-question survey. The results indicated that 81% of the students had had formal or informal opportunities to exercise leadership. Likewise, 51% considered that gender does not influence the performance of this skill. The predominant leadership style was democratic, although there was diversity in preferences. These findings highlighted the importance of universities promoting the development of leadership competencies from the academic sphere, as a key tool for the comprehensive training and job placement of future professionals.

Sustainable development and its impact on teaching from the perspective of teachers in higher education institutions in Ecuador

Katty Margoth Chaunay Guanca — 2025-09-11

Sustainable development is a key focus of higher education, as it fosters the development of critically aware and environmentally committed citizens. The objective was to analyze perceptions of sustainable development and teacher self-efficacy in Ecuadorian higher education institutions. A quantitative approach with a non-experimental, cross-sectional, and correlational design was used. A survey was administered to a population of 125 faculty members, with a sample of 95 participants using simple random sampling. A questionnaire on sustainable development in higher education by Leal et al. was applied, consisting of 18 items distributed across three dimensions: Incorporation and promotion of sustainability, Climate and environmental change, and Participation of higher education faculty in sustainability-related activities. Descriptive, correlational, and linear regression analyses were used to determine the relationship between variables. The results showed a significant correlation between participation in sustainability and teacher efficacy (r = 0.690). However, gaps persist in specific training and the practical application of sustainable teaching strategies. It is concluded that Ecuadorian higher education should strengthen teacher training programs in sustainability.

Effect of digital service, security, and shopping experience on customer satisfaction in the beauty retail sector

Maria Isabel Gil Medina — 2025-09-11

This study analyzes the interrelationship between digital sales services, perceived assurance and privacy, virtual shopping experience, and customer satisfaction within the beauty retail sector. A quantitative research approach was employed, utilizing a non-experimental, cross-sectional, and correlational-causal design. The target population comprised 385 residents of Metropolitan Lima who regularly purchase beauty products through digital platforms. A simple random sampling technique was applied, resulting in 377 responses, of which 330 were deemed valid after eliminating incomplete or inconsistent entries—representing an effective response rate of 86%. Data collection was conducted through a structured online questionnaire consisting of 25 items, administered via Google Forms and measured using a five-point Likert scale. The data were analyzed using SmartPLS 4 software, applying structural equation modeling (SEM) to assess construct reliability, convergent and discriminant validity, and the explanatory power of the proposed model. The originality of the study lies in its contextualization within an emerging market, where digital adoption presents specific challenges. Findings indicate that digital sales services positively influence perceived assurance and the virtual shopping experience, both of which significantly impact overall customer satisfaction.

Assessment of graduate satisfaction regarding the quality and relevance of the academic program at a private university in Paraguay

Olga Sosa Aquino — 2025-08-12

This research aims to assess the satisfaction of graduates regarding the quality and relevance of the academic program at a private university in Paraguay. A quantitative, descriptive, and cross-sectional study design was employed. The population consisted of undergraduate graduates from the Universidad Iberoamericana (2019–2023). A structured survey was administered to an intentional sample of 123 graduates, covering five variables: quality, relevance, innovation, cognitive and interpersonal skills, and institutional support. The instrument was validated through expert judgment and a pilot test, yielding a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.828. The analysis was descriptive, using absolute and percentage frequencies. A high level of satisfaction was observed regarding the quality of the program (81.3%), curricular relevance (81.3%), and the development of cognitive and interpersonal skills (over 75%). However, only 39.1% felt that the content aligns with market demands, and less than 50% expressed satisfaction with training in digital tools. Although graduates perceive their education as solid and well-supported, challenges remain in terms of curriculum updates, integration of technological competencies, and equitable access to infrastructure. These findings are key to strengthening the relevance and quality of the institution's educational offerings.

Effect of service quality on customer satisfaction and loyalty in a hardware company in northeastern Peru

Renzo Joel Chujandama Bendezú — 2025-07-05

The overall objective of this study was to determine the relationship between service quality, satisfaction, and customer loyalty in a hardware company. A quantitative methodology with a non-experimental design was employed, using questionnaires with 29 items. The population consisted of 230 customers based on the database of the hardware company Marydely, and the sample included 196 customers selected through non-probabilistic convenience sampling. The data were analyzed using Spearman's Rho correlation coefficient, revealing positive and significant correlations, with a very strong relationship between service quality and satisfaction (Rho = 0.711), service quality and loyalty (Rho = 0.714), and a particularly strong relationship between empathy and loyalty (Rho = 0.722). In conclusion, it is confirmed that service quality significantly influences customer satisfaction and loyalty, suggesting the need to prioritize improvements in service dimensions, especially empathy, to strengthen customer relationships.

Articulated participation of the actors involved to guarantee a dignified old age with quality of life

Patricia del Rosario Altamirano Morales — 2025-07-05

The purpose of this article is to analyze the coordinated participation of stakeholders in protecting the human rights of older adults, guaranteeing their right to dignity and quality of life through public policies, supportive relationships, and cooperation for comprehensive care. Therefore, for the development of this research, we have deepened knowledge related to the implementation of social policies, strategic planning, evaluation, and program monitoring. Various databases were reviewed, using the following descriptors: ageism, prevention programs, cultural values, and the factors that determine the priority of care policies for older adults. The main finding is that organizations must commit to establishing agreements to ensure that this vulnerable group can enjoy and exercise their rights. The knowledge presented also highlights new trends in compliance with ethics in research on the importance of stakeholder participation in the well-being of older adults. In conclusion, the development of public policies and coordinated management can guarantee a dignified old age with quality of life.

Characteristics of the subway economy in the Buenos Aires sector of Bagua Grande, Peru

Carlos Raúl Poémape Oyanguren — 2025-07-05

The underground economy, characterized by unregulated economic activities, represents a significant challenge for economic development. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of the underground economy in the Bagua Grande sector of Buenos Aires. A quantitative, non-experimental, and descriptive approach was used. Data collection was conducted through a structured questionnaire, administered to a population of 27 owners, using a 17-item instrument organized into two variables (Underground Economy and Illicit Economic Activities). 81.5% of businesses do not have a Single Taxpayer Registry, 96.3% lack a municipal license, 85.2% of businesses sell essential goods, and 63% emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, 70.4% of businesses are led by women, and 81.4% have an educational level no higher than secondary school, which influences the lack of knowledge about regulations and formalization processes. Likewise, distrust of the State is a factor; many entrepreneurs perceive that effective policies for their development are not being promoted. It is concluded that the underground economy is driven by a lack of knowledge, complex administrative procedures, and high levels of corruption.

Organizational culture and its relationship with the capacity to absorb knowledge in an apple integrator in Durango, Mexico

Flor de Maria Rodriguez Valles — 2025-06-04

The present research aimed to determine the relationship between organizational culture and knowledge absorption capacity in a regional apple production integrator in Durango, Mexico. The study had a quantitative approach and a non-experimental design. It was cross-sectional and presented a descriptive and correlational scope. The information was collected through a survey, made up of 42 items distributed in six dimensions for the organizational culture variable and four dimensions for the knowledge absorption capacity variable. It was applied to a convenience sample of 30 fruit growers in October 2022. The results show that organizational culture has a statistically significant correlation with knowledge absorption capacity of =0.914 and that the success criteria dimension is the organizational culture dimension with the highest correlation with knowledge absorption capacity. It is concluded that the apple integrator must consider that the presence of a good organizational culture among its members will generate a positive impact on the acquisition and assimilation processes, but above all, on the capacity to absorb knowledge for the success of the organization.

The The flipped classroom in university students' learning of mathematics: a systematic review

Katherine Reyes — 2025-06-04

The flipped classroom is an educational methodology that has gained prominence in recent years due to its focus on reversing the traditional method of teaching. Instead of receiving direct instruction in the classroom, students access theoretical content outside of class and use classroom time for hands-on, collaborative activities. The aim of this systematic review article is to examine the existing evidence on the use of the flipped classroom in teaching mathematics to undergraduate students. A qualitative literature review approach was used in databases such as WOS, Scielo and Scopus, where the guidelines of the PRISMA statement for systematic reviews were implemented, where inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied for the final selection of a sample of 15 articles for review. The studies show that the flipped classroom has clear benefits in terms of greater personal involvement in learning, improved understanding of complex concepts, flexibility in the pace of study and increased interaction between students and teachers. It is concluded that students with assimilative learning styles were found to have higher levels of satisfaction with this methodology.

Disinformation on social networks: Facebook in the 2024 Mexican electoral campaign

Érika Verónica Maldonado Méndez — 2025-06-04

The general objective of this study is to explore how social networks contribute to the spread of disinformation during electoral campaigns. A documentary analysis was carried out, through the compilation and classification of doctrinal, legal and journalistic information; in addition, a survey was applied on the perceptions and experiences of Facebook users during the political campaign for the presidential election on June 2, 2024 in Mexico. The results reveal that social networks facilitate the rapid and massive dissemination of false and biased information, through various mechanisms that usually circulate without restrictions. Likewise, during said electoral campaign, the majority of people surveyed received political content that they considered false or misleading. It concludes with the call to create a digital environment that respects the right to truthful and impartial information, through the implementation of strategies that comprehensively and effectively combat disinformation.

Applied convergence of emotional and digital competencies in the academic education of students from a private university in Paraguay

Paola Rossana Dos Santos González — 2025-05-08

The objective is to analyze the applied convergence of emotional and digital competencies to the academic training of students at a private university in Paraguay. It was framed within a quantitative, cross-sectional and descriptive approach. The population consisted of 120 students from the 7th, 8th and 9th semester of the Business Administration, Marketing and Advertising, International Trade and Public Accounting courses. The sample was 92 students, with a response rate of 97.8% (90 participants). The survey technique was used through a structured questionnaire, made up of 26 items distributed in four dimensions: integration of emotional competencies in digital learning [5], emotional management in virtual environments [5], use of digital tools to improve emotional competencies [5] and emotional-digital contribution in academic training [5], in addition to 6 sociodemographic items. Data collection was conducted for convenience purposes in March 2025. The results show that students positively value the integration of emotional and digital competencies in their academic training, especially regarding emotional management in virtual environments. It is concluded that this convergence contributes to student well-being and the development of key skills to address the challenges of learning in digital contexts.

University teaching in Central America and South America 2021-2024, a systematic review with PRISMA in the SCIELO database

Rolly Guillermo Rivas-Huaman — 2025-05-08

Research on university teaching in Latin America shows notable strengths and also deficiencies. The purpose of this study is to review them. The objectives were: first, to know the most researched concepts regarding university teaching; second, describe the most used research methodologies; third, establish the number of publications between the years 2021 – 2024; Fourth, identify which countries have shown greater interest in university teaching. As inclusion criteria: research between 2021 and 2024; research carried out in Central and South America; inter alia. As exclusion criteria: thesis studies; investigations from the year 2020 backwards; inter alia. The methodology used was the systematic review considering the PRISMA protocol. The search for articles was carried out in the Scielo database, finally selecting 10 articles for review (n=10). The results were: teaching, education and training, as concepts of interest; Likewise, teacher skills and competencies, in addition to quality of life and professional development. Second, quantitative research and systematic reviews are the methodologies most used by researchers, among other results. It is concluded that in Central and South America very little research has been done regarding the experiences of university teachers, highlighting Peru and Chile.

Institutional image and tax culture among taxpayers in a district of Chiclayo- Peru, 2024

Alexandra Nicole Calderon Montalvan — 2025-05-08

The objective was to determine the relationship between the institutional image and tax culture in the taxpayers of a district of Chiclayo, 2024. A quantitative, non-experimental, transversal approach was used, with a descriptive and correlational scope. The population was determined to be 59,312 people between 18 and 65 years of age in the district of La Victoria, taking into account the last national census. As for the sample, it was made up of 196 citizens and simple random sampling was used. The inclusion criteria covered residents who are men or women property owners until the year 2024. The survey technique was used through a 30-item questionnaire (institutional image [15] and tax culture [15]). The results, there is a relationship between taxpayer orientation 0,420 institutional transparency 0,582 institutional communication 0,494 citizen participation 0,617 quality of public service 0,604 is related to tax culture and finally the institutional image is related to the second variable at 0,639. It is concluded that there is a relationship between the institutional image and the tax culture; By improving the institutional image through more transparent and communicative management, it can benefit the tax culture and collection.

The Exportation of the People’s Republic of China’s Surveillance Model: Artificial Intelligence, Social Credit, and its impact on Global Security and Human Rights

Diego Sebastián Sánchez Chumpitaz — 2025-04-01

This study examined the consolidation and international expansion of the digital surveillance model promoted by the People’s Republic of China (PRC), built on artificial intelligence (AI) and the Social Credit System (SCS). A mixed-methods approach combined documentary analysis of regulatory frameworks and technologies with quantitative modelling through the State Control Index (SCI), a linear mathematical tool. The SCI assessed the relationship between perceived security, technological deployment, and restrictions on fundamental rights across authoritarian and semi-authoritarian regimes. The findings revealed patterns of authoritarian diffusion via digital infrastructure, interstate agreements, and regulatory transfer. A steady expansion of algorithmic control was observed in fragile institutional contexts, particularly in Latin America, where the security-liberty balance has been historically unstable. In such settings, surveillance systems advanced without solid legal safeguards, reframing citizenship as an object of permanent monitoring and treating dissent as a statistical deviation. This trend undermines individual autonomy and weakens democratic stability.

Reading comprehension and attitudes towards reading in primary level students at the Multigrade Primary Educational Institution No. 70802 of Chulluni- Peru, 2023

Melania Adelayda Mollinedo Bustinza — 2025-04-01

The objective is to determine the level of reading comprehension (LC) and attitudes towards reading in students of the IEP Multigrado N° 70 802 CCapi Cruz Grande-Isla. It was based on a quantitative, non-experimental, transversal and correlational approach. The population and sample of the study were 24 primary level students of the institution. The technique applied was the exam and survey, the instruments were a written test of 10 items for the variable of reading comprehension levels, and an opinion test of attitudes (30 items) for the variable of attitudes towards reading. The statistical design for the hypothesis test according to the normality test was Spearman's Rho because it has a non-normal distribution. The results showed that 64% reached a satisfactory competence (level A = expected achievement) in the LC and a Rho = 0.7016 with a p-value = 0.0001, allowing to know the level of reading comprehension that students have and the attitudes they have towards reading. It is concluded that there is a correlation between the CL level and attitudes towards reading in students of the IEP Multigrado N° 70 802 CCapi Cruz Grande-Isla, Puno, Peru during the academic year 2023.

Digital marketing and brand positioning in a transportation company, Chiclayo-Peru

Luis Aldo Diaz Perez — 2025-04-01

This research determines the relationship between Digital Marketing (MD) and Brand Positioning (PM) in a transportation company, Chiclayo-Peru. The study adopted a cross-sectional and descriptive-correlational approach. A census sample was used, surveying 70 passengers in 2024. The inclusion criteria were men and women ranging from 18 to 60 years old and who have used the taxi service in the last three months. A questionnaire was used consisting of 2 variables and 24 items (Digital Marketing [12] and Brand Positioning [12]. Reliability was evaluated with Cronbach's Alpha coefficient for MD (0.71) and PM (0.61). SPSS v25, Shapiro-Wilk normality tests and Pearson or Spearman correlation. The results revealed a significant positive correlation between the MD and the PM, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.88. Effective digital marketing is directly related to improving the perception of the brand in the market. In conclusion, the influence of implementing innovative and personalized digital marketing strategies to strengthen brand positioning is highlighted.

Compensation as a mechanism for restitution of the presumption of innocence as a right not to be presented before the press in Lambayeque-Peru, 2024

Jose Lazaro Liza Sánchez — 2025-03-02

The article aimed to study and propose compensation as a mechanism for restitution to the presumption of innocence as a right not to be presented to the press in Lambayeque-Peru 2024, through a basic study with a qualitative approach, for which the interview was used as a technique through the interview guidance instrument, and professionals specialized in civil law were taken as a population, and applying a non-probabilistic sampling by trial, eight lawyers with a specialty in civil law who teach at the Señor de Sipán University were sampled. The results reveal that, of the legislations such as Mexico, Colombia, Chile, Brazil and Peru, only Mexico has established as a right of the accused not to be exposed to the media and much less to be presented as guilty before society; while in the Peruvian case, the prohibition is aimed at public officials and authorities; likewise, that jurisprudence at the international level, such as the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, and at the national level through the Constitutional Court, prohibits the media exposure of detainees; However, despite this prohibition, the practice of presenting detainees to the press persists, and it is necessary to establish measures to ensure compliance with this prohibition. In this way, it was concluded that one measure would be compensation, which would serve as a restitution mechanism, fulfilling a double function: to compensate the victims and to deter future violations.

Adolescents in conflict with the criminal law: social reintegration through restorative justice

Mónica Saldaña Chinchayan — 2025-03-02

The study focused on the analysis of the application of restorative justice as a tool for the social reintegration of adolescents in conflict with criminal law. A bibliographic documentary analysis was applied as a research methodology within the search engines Scopus, Redalyc, SciELO and Google Academic, the articles found were recovered through the following criteria: a) original or review publications with public access; b) resources related to the topic under study; c) disclosed in English or Spanish. A total of 952 articles were found that met the primary search criteria, then the selected keywords were applied, having a total of 50 documents analyzed which allowed the identification as categories: a) interdisciplinary factor for adolescent intervention; b) socio-educational support; and c) application of family care programs. As a primary outcome, restorative justice is an innovative paradigm that seeks to repair the harm caused by conflict, promote accountability and reintegration, and build safer, more cohesive communities. It was concluded that restorative justice has a substantial influence on the social reintegration of adolescents who have committed infractions.

Sustainable tourism management in the museums of Manabí, Ecuador: strategies for their revaluation

Angie Rossibel Duarte Zambrano — 2025-03-01

The objective was to design museum revaluation strategies with a sustainable approach for the tourism development of the province of Manabí, Ecuador. A qualitative, non-experimental, transversal, descriptive, analytical and synthetic approach was adopted. 12 interviews were carried out for convenience with those responsible for the museums through on-site visits, carried out between the months of March and June 2024. Data collection consisted of a guide of 9 open questions with the following categorizations: development problems tourism, actions for the sustainable development of cultural heritage, strategies to attract tourists and quality of the service offered. The most relevant results were: museums have a wide range of resources, however, the limited economic resources assigned to the cultural sector make the conservation and modernization of their facilities difficult, generating a loss of interest in visiting these sites. It was concluded that the implementation of revaluation strategies will be possible if there is good coordination between the entities in charge of their management, local governments and the private sector to improve the experience and increase the flow of visitors, contributing to the sustainable development of museums in the tourist and cultural context of the country.

Soft skills and job performance in workers of a local district government in Chiclayo-Peru, 2023

Monica Alexandra Rivera — 2025-02-21

The objective of the study is to determine the relationship between soft skills and job performance in workers of a local district government of Chiclayo-Perú, 2024. The study was quantitative, cross-sectional and descriptive. The population was made up of 527 employees of a municipal entity of Chiclayo and with a sample of 146 participants. The response rate was 89% (130). The inclusion terms considered were: administrative, operational, management, appointed and contracted personnel and public servants with a minimum of 6 months of seniority on the job. The data collection technique was through the survey using a questionnaire made up of 30 questions composed of 2 variables (soft skills [15 items] and job performance [15]) by simple randomization and online. It was found that the main variables are positively related through a Rho coefficient of 0.855; Consequently, if staff are trained to develop their capabilities and, therefore, their abilities, they have more options to achieve adequate results that help achieve organizational results. It was concluded that training personnel in the development of their capabilities and skills increases the probability of obtaining satisfactory results, contributing to the fulfillment of organizational objectives.

Internal Communication and Job Satisfaction among Employees of a Local Government in Peru

Lesly Liseth Pérez Alarcón — 2025-01-31

The objective is to determine the relationship between internal communication and job satisfaction in workers of a local government in Peru. The methodology was quantitative, non-experimental, transversal and correlational. The population and sample of the study consisted of 88 workers from a local government in Peru. The survey technique was used, which consisted of an instrument composed of 30 questions related to upward, downward, horizontal, operational, strategic communication, authority, job recognition, labor relations, task performance and administrative policies, for convenience in 2024. The results, a correlation was found between the main variables using the Spearman coefficient equivalent to 0.579, indicating that internal communication positively impacts job satisfaction in the public entity. It was concluded that effective internal communication, including clarity in information and open feedback channels, plays a fundamental role in improving the work environment. Employees feel valued, involved and motivated when communication within the organization is transparent and fluid, which fosters cohesion, teamwork, and also contributes to better performance.

Dynamic capabilities as drivers of Innovation in agroproductive SMEs in Manabí, Ecuador

Benigno Alcívar Martínez — 2025-01-31

The study evaluates the relationship between dynamic capabilities and innovation in agroproductive MSMEs in Manabí, Ecuador. A quantitative, non-experimental and descriptive approach was used, with a population of 102 MSMEs from the agro-productive sector, specifically in agriculture and aquaculture. In 2024, 35 MSME managers in locations such as Rocafuerte and Sucre were surveyed. A 20-item instrument was applied, obtaining a Cronbach's alpha of 0.910, which indicates excellent internal consistency. In dynamic capabilities, the item on continuous learning and complexity management had 85.7% "totally agree." In innovation, the promotion of bold solutions in marketing (51.4% agreement) and the adoption of technology (62.9% agreement) stood out. It is concluded that companies with higher levels of these capabilities showed a significant trend towards the improvement of internal processes and commercial innovation. These findings are fundamental for future research on capacity implementation and strategy development in the agroproductive sector.

Digital maturity of Micro, Small and Medium enterprises in the tourism sector in Encarnación-Paraguay, 2022

Marcos Antonio Delvalle Cabral — 2025-01-31

The COVID-19 pandemic severely affected the tourism sector of Encarnación, Paraguay, forcing Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) to look for technological solutions to survive. In 2022, an investigation was carried out to analyze its digital maturity. Using a mixed, quantitative and qualitative methodology, a questionnaire based on the IDB's Digital Checkup tool was applied and interviews were conducted with managers and employees about their digital practices. The sample included 21 tourism MSMEs from Encarnación, selected at random and stratified by type of business. The results showed that the majority of these MSMEs are one-person hotels, and almost 50% are at an initial level of digital maturity. This underlines the urgent need to implement digital tools to improve productivity. It is concluded that the low level of digital maturity of these MSMEs limits their competitiveness in the global market. Training programs, financial support, digital marketing strategies and collaborative networks are recommended to improve your situation. These findings are crucial for MSMEs, governments and organizations that support the tourism sector.

From humanist tragedy to democratic constitutionalism: Erasmus of Rotterdam in the view of Stefan Zweig

Erik Obiol — 2025-11-15

This work examines Erasmus of Rotterdam based on Stefan Zweig's biographical analysis, highlighting the relevance of his humanist ideas in current debates in political science and law. It analyzes how his defense of peace, tolerance, and cosmopolitanism, together with his opposition to warring religious factions, express a “humanist tragedy” characterized by misunderstood neutrality and intellectual isolation. This experience contrasts with contemporary categories of democratic constitutionalism, where the protection of intellectual freedom, the impartiality of the state, and the rejection of fanaticism are fundamental elements of a pluralistic society. Through a historical-legal approach, Erasmus' contributions were critically analyzed in relation to natural law, religious authoritarianism, and his vision of a European community founded on reason and fraternity, elements that are discussed with writers such as Locke, Kant, Montesquieu, and Habermas. Finally, it is argued that Erasmian reflection is an essential prerequisite for understanding the challenges facing constitutional democracy in a world dominated by ideological polarization, populism, and fundamentalism that threaten peace and fundamental rights.

Situation of the protection of women's human rights in Peru: a perspective from the framework of international human rights law

Martín Augusto Guillermo Girao — 2025-08-12

Over the years, International Human Rights Law (IHRL) has increased its recognition of women's rights and emphasized the responsibility of States to respect, protect, and guarantee these rights. However, disadvantages and injustices affecting women based on their gender persist, indicating that respect for human rights is not completely universal. This research paper aims to analyze the main international agreements that protect women's rights and how the Peruvian State integrates them into its domestic legislation. Descriptive qualitative research was conducted through documentary analysis, addressing women's human rights from the perspective of IHRL. The agreements supporting Peruvian women were reviewed, and their implementation within the national legal system was assessed. It is concluded that, although the Peruvian State has made progress in regulatory, budgetary, and training aspects, the effectiveness of the measures implemented requires ongoing evaluation. Examining the structural and contextual causes that perpetuate violence against women is crucial in developing gender-sensitive public policies with strong political will.

The discretionary power of the Tax Administration in the Peruvian Auditing Procedure

Fresia Madaleine Rojas Zunini — 2025-05-08

The main objective of this paper is to determine whether the discretionary power of the tax administration has an impact on the Peruvian audit procedure. Based on the recognition that such discretion, exercised within the framework of the State's sanctioning power, must strictly observe the principles of legality, reasonableness and respect for the fundamental rights of taxpayers. Through a qualitative methodology, a literary review of resolutions issued by the Tax Court and the Constitutional Court was carried out, contrasted with doctrinal contributions specialized in tax and administrative sanctioning law. It was evidenced that the tax administration has margins of action that allow it to decide not only on the imposition of penalties, but also on their graduation or modification, as long as the decision is adequately motivated and the legal security of the taxpayers is guaranteed. It is concluded that the exercise of this sanctioning power must be duly delimited and guided by objective, transparent and foreseeable criteria, in order to avoid arbitrariness and strengthen the principle of legitimate trust, in order to contribute to a more guaranteeing interpretation of administrative discretion in tax matters.

Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute and science in Latin America and the Caribbean: impact and challenges

Patricio Esteban Ramírez Correa — 2025-05-08

In recent decades, Latin America and the Caribbean have experienced significant growth in scientific production, driven by education and research policies. However, reliance on state funding and low private sector participation remain structural challenges. In this context, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) has emerged as a key player in the dissemination of regional research, offering open access to articles through an author-funded model. This study analyzes the evolution of MDPI publications in Latin America and the Caribbean, identifying key trends and characteristics. It examines the impact of factors such as reduced publication times, special issues, and incentive systems for editors and reviewers on the proliferation of articles. Additionally, criticisms regarding the rigor of the peer review process and MDPI’s impact on scientific quality are discussed. The findings provide insight into the role of this publisher within the regional academic ecosystem and its implications for scientific development.

The scientific research processes in the social sciences

Brígido Ropa-Carrión — 2025-03-02

In the current context of the globalized and competitive world, the production of knowledge is essential for the accelerated development of the economy of nations. In this respect, the scientific investigation of social phenomena is fundamental, the realization of which demands the epistemological clarification of the specific nature of the social and spiritual sciences with respect to the other sciences and research processes. The objective is to establish the nature of the social or spiritual sciences, as well as to characterize the positivist and post-positivist, qualitative and holistic integral research paradigms, establishing their principles, categories, lines of development and their respective limitations. For this purpose, the hermeneutic circle method of text analysis is used. The research comprises three sections: the human or spiritual social sciences in the 20th and 21st centuries; the undivided, plural and complex nature of human social reality; and the process of research in the social, human or spiritual sciences from the perspectives of the aforementioned paradigms. The study concludes that the social sciences possess distinctive characteristics that differentiate them from other sciences, and that their research requires qualitative and holistic approaches due to the dynamic, complex and autopoietic nature of social phenomena.

AI in education or education with AI?

José Rolando Cardenas Gonzales — 2025-01-31

En el contexto de la rápida integración de la Inteligencia Artificial (IA) en la educación y la producción científica, surgen interrogantes esenciales sobre los marcos regulatorios y éticos que orientan esta transformación. Aunque la IA ofrece oportunidades sin precedentes para mejorar los procesos educativos y la generación de conocimiento, también plantea desafíos significativos que aún carecen de respuestas claras. En esta carta, se destacan vacíos críticos de conocimiento relacionados con el uso de IA en contextos educativos e investigativos, basándose en literatura relevante, informes de la UNESCO y el marco normativo internacional vigente.

Participation of women in hard sciences research: A regional view from the perspective of the gender gap

Fátima Ayala de Mendoza — 2025-02-21

The review examines women's participation in scientific research, particularly in the hard sciences (STEM), with a regional approach to understanding the gender gap in this field. A summative content analysis was performed using key words (Woman, Research, Science, Hard, STEM, gap and gender). Common themes were identified such as gender stereotypes, lack of references, percentage of women researchers in STEM, glass ceiling, Matilda effect, Curie effect, gap in scientific production and citations, gap in collaboration networks, determining factors of the gender gap and difficulties faced by women scientists. The analysis reveals the persistence of gender stereotypes, the lack of female references in STEM, the existence of the glass ceiling that limits the rise of women in scientific careers, the Matilda effect that makes their contributions invisible, and the Curie effect that requires disproportionate personal sacrifices. It is concluded that the gender gap in scientific research persists and a cultural change is needed that promotes equity, gender policies that strengthen the visibility of women scientists and the appreciation of their role in innovation.

Human complexity in qualitative research as an essential tool of scientific research

Jaime Gabriel Castilla Barraza — 2025-02-21

This article explores the importance of qualitative research in the study of complex social phenomena, highlighting its growing acceptance across various disciplines. The primary objective is to analyze current literature on qualitative methodologies, their application in specific contexts, and the challenges researchers face. The proposed methodology focuses on a systematic approach to selecting references, considering thematic relevance, methodological quality, and diversity of approaches. The results indicate that qualitative research enables researchers to capture nuanced experiences that quantitative methods may overlook, thereby enhancing the understanding of participants' lived realities. Furthermore, it emphasizes the need for a flexible and adaptive approach in research, where data collection and analysis occur iteratively. The conclusion advocates for greater acceptance and recognition of qualitative methodologies within academic discourse, fostering a more balanced dialogue between qualitative and quantitative approaches.

Students' beliefs toward mathematics: A literature review

Antonello Garibaldi Rodríguez — 2025-02-21

This article presents the results of a literature review on beliefs about mathematics. Seventeen researches from different educational levels within the period from 2016 to 2022 are reported. The review concludes that studies on students’ beliefs have focused on two main topics: beliefs about mathematics education and belief about oneself, while studies related to social context are scarce. Likewise, it was possible to identify that although the focus of the research is on a specific category of beliefs, the findings can involve, although to a lesser extent, other types of beliefs. It is concluded that as the grade level progresses, beliefs about mathematics become more negative; this conception leads to questioning whether this is due to the fact that the discipline acquires greater complexity and abstraction or whether this can be attributed to the teaching strategies and the teacher's own beliefs that are transferred to the students.