Microplásticos y nanoplásticos: mecanismos de bioacumulación y toxicidad
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53732/rccsalud/2025.e7303Palabras clave:
Estrés oxidativo, disruptores endocrinos, microplásticos, traslocaciónResumen
Introducción. Las contaminaciones de microplásticos (MP) y nanoplásticos (MNP) se caracterizan por su tamaño microscópico han sido detectadas en casi todos los ecosistemas del planeta Objetivo. Realizar la revisión sistemática sobre la evidencia científica actual correspondiente a los mecanismos de interacción y afectación de los MP y MNP sobre sistemas biológicos. Materiales y Métodos. Fue aplicado el método PRISMA. Resultados. La revisión y análisis de la literatura refiere evidencias epidemiológicas concernientes a la toxicidad de los MP y MNP. La literatura analizada expresa tendencias comparativas y de complementariedad, procedentes de líneas de investigación independientes, que de forma convergente ofrecen pruebas convincentes en relación con cuatro mecanismos paradigmáticos de toxicidad las MP y los MNP: Capacidad bioacumulativa, rol vectorial en el transporte de contaminantes ambientales, capacidad intrínseca como disruptores endocrinos y capacidad de traslocación. Conclusión. Las evidencias científicas dan cuenta de la presencia de MP y MNP en el entorno y de la capacidad de penetrar en el ser humano, superando la barrera hematoencefálica, o la placentaria, lo que suscita los temores por las alteraciones que puede provocar en el feto y, por ende, ante cualquier impacto transgeneracional. El efecto vectorial puede replicar el daño, dado que también puede transportar otros contaminantes a los órganos de pertinencia biológica. Su capacidad como disruptores endocrinos debe considerarse como posible factor de contribución en la emergencia de las disfunciones metabólicas a nivel global.
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