Corrections and Retractions

If minor errors are identified in a published article that do not affect the validity of the results, conclusions, or the integrity of the work, a correction (erratum) will be issued.

In contrast, when substantial errors or serious issues are identified that compromise the validity of the findings or conclusions, the article may be retracted.

Retractions are carried out in accordance with COPE guidelines: https://publicationethics.org/guidance/guideline/retraction-guidelines

1. Corrections (Errata)

Errors in published content may be identified and communicated to readers through a correction or erratum when the Editor-in-chief, in consultation with the Editorial Committee, considers it appropriate to report a prior error and make the corresponding amendment to the published article.

When errors are identified that do not compromise the findings, conclusions, or integrity of the work, a correction or erratum will be issued. This mechanism is typically applied to typographical errors, errors in data calculation, or minor inaccuracies that do not affect the validity of the study.

The correction will be published as an independent document, with its own DOI, linked to the original article, clearly indicating the publication date and the nature of the corrected error. Likewise, the corresponding annotation will be made in the online versions (HTML and PDF) of the original article.

Authors, readers, and other interested parties may notify the journal of potential errors through official channels. Authors will be informed and will have the opportunity to participate in the correction evaluation process.

2. Retractions

Retractions will be issued when serious problems are identified that invalidate the findings or conclusions of a manuscript. These include, among others: scientific misconduct (data fabrication or falsification, plagiarism, duplicate or redundant publication); methodological or analytical errors that substantially compromise the results; serious ethical violations (research conducted without informed consent or without approval from an ethics committee); and undisclosed conflicts of interest or unresolved legitimate copyright claims.

Retractions may be requested by the authors, their institutions, or the editorial team. In the event of any complaint or well-founded suspicion, the journal will conduct a thorough, confidential, and impartial investigation, following the guidelines and flowcharts of the Committee on Publication Ethics. Authors will be notified and will have the opportunity to respond during the process.

The final decision will be made by the Editor-in-chief in consultation with the Editorial Committee. If the retraction is justified, a retraction notice will be published with its own DOI, clearly linked to the original article, explaining the reasons and indicating who initiated it.

The original article will be marked as “retracted” in all its electronic versions but will not be removed, in order to preserve the integrity of the scientific record. The retraction will be properly indexed in the relevant databases.

3. Editorial Expressions of Concern

When there are well-founded doubts about the integrity, validity, or transparency of a published article, and the available evidence does not yet allow for a definitive decision, the Editor-in-chief may issue an editorial expression of concern.

This mechanism will be used, for example, when there is an ongoing institutional investigation or when serious allegations are received that cannot be resolved within a reasonable timeframe. Its purpose is to alert readers to potential issues while the investigation is underway, ensuring transparency in the editorial process.

The expression of concern will be published as an independent document with its own DOI, linked to the corresponding article, and will be indexed in scientific information systems. Authors will be informed of its issuance.

Once the investigation is concluded, the expression of concern will be updated or replaced as appropriate, which may result in a correction, a retraction, or closure of the case without further action.

The journal is committed to maintaining the integrity of the scientific record by ensuring transparency in the communication of errors and in the implementation of corrective actions, in accordance with international best practices in scholarly publishing.