Corrections and Retractions

If minor errors that do not affect the validity of the results, conclusions or integrity of the work are detected in a published article, a correction (erratum) will be issued. In contrast, when substantial errors or serious problems that compromise the validity of the findings or conclusions are identified, the article may be retracted. Retractions are carried out in accordance with the COPE guidelines.

Corrections (errata)

Errors in published content may be identified and communicated to readers through a correction or erratum when the Editor-in-Chief, in consultation with the Editorial Board, considers it appropriate to report a previous error and amend the published article accordingly.

When errors that do not compromise the findings, conclusions or integrity of the work are identified, a correction or erratum will be issued. This mechanism is typically applied to typographical errors, data calculation errors or minor inaccuracies that do not affect the validity of the study.

The correction will be published as a separate document, with its own DOI, linked to the original article, clearly stating the date of publication and the nature of the error corrected. A corresponding note will also be added to the online versions of the original article.

Authors, readers and other interested parties may report possible errors by writing to revistasaludup@upacifico.edu.py. Authors will be informed and will have the opportunity to take part in the evaluation of the correction.

Retractions

Retractions will be issued when problems that invalidate the findings or conclusions of a manuscript are identified. They cover both methodological or analytical errors that substantially compromise the results, even when unintentional, and breaches of integrity as defined in the research integrity policy.

Retractions may be requested by the authors, their institutions or the editorial team. Complaints are investigated in accordance with the research integrity policy, and the final decision will be made by the Editor-in-Chief in consultation with the Editorial Board.

If the retraction is justified, a retraction notice will be published without delay, with its own DOI, freely accessible and clearly linked to the original article, explaining the reasons and who initiated it. The indexing services in which the journal participates will also be notified.

The original article will be marked with a "retracted" watermark in all electronic versions, but will not be removed, in order to preserve the integrity of the scientific record.

Editorial expressions of concern

When there are well-founded doubts about the integrity, validity or transparency of a published article, and the available evidence does not yet allow a definitive decision, the Editor-in-Chief may issue an editorial expression of concern.

This mechanism will be used, for example, when an institutional investigation is under way or when serious allegations are received that cannot be resolved within a reasonable time. Its purpose is to alert readers to possible problems while the investigation takes place.

The expression of concern will be published as a separate document with its own DOI, linked to the relevant article, and the indexing services in which the journal participates will be notified. Authors will be informed of its issuance.

Once the investigation has concluded, the expression of concern will be updated or replaced as appropriate, and may lead to a correction, a retraction, or closure of the case with no further action.